How to Measure a Vessels Beam

How to Measure a Vessel's Beam When describing the hull of a vessel three basic measurements give a rough outline of the shape of the hull. These are Length, Beam, and Draft. What Is Beam? Beam is a measurement of a vessels width. It is always measured at the widest point because it is often used to determine if passage can be safely made near an obstacle. Beam is important in determining the handling characteristics of a ship design. A narrow beam hull will run fast but will not perform well in heavy waves because of the narrow cross section. A hull which has a wider beam will be less efficient in cutting through the water because of the larger mass of water that is being displaced. This larger mass also tends to roll less. Beam can also be measured at specific points on the hull like the pilot house or cargo area but these measurements will be designated with the names of these structures. The main measurement of beam is taken at the widest point of a vessel. Naval architects use length, beam, and draft measurements to shape a hull for a specific job by using the concept of Deadrise. The three main hull measurements along with deadrise give the hull a specific shape and handling characteristics. The Origin of Beam in Ships Origin of the word comes from early wooden ship design. The large timbers that sit on top of each rib as they extend up from the keel span the whole width of the ship for strength. On top of this was a deck made of smaller boards that also acted as the ceiling for the first level cabins. From the inside, the ship resembled a house with its floor beams and exposed underside floor decking. A common way to talk about a ship was by the size of her roof beams which would tell you how wide the vessel was and how that proportion related to her length and rig. You could tell everything about a ship from the dimension of this single element of construction. How Beams Are Used Today Today, in modern ship construction, wooden beams are replaced with steel boxes which are much wider than the beams. Wooden beams may have been as wide as a person, steel beams called torsion boxes which are as wide as twenty people are set across the hull. Once this is welded together the ship becomes much more rigid because of something called a stressed skin design which makes ships strong and light. Modern cars use the same idea and use the floor pan and body to make a stiff structure that doesnt need the weight of a heavy solid frame. Another benefit of a stressed skin design is a wide open interior. In wooden ships, two interior posts rose from the chine at each rib to help support the beam which made the interior cramped. In warships, these posts were used to lash down the cannons when they werent in use. They also held the hammocks which really were used on ships of the era The space below the deck was damp and only the lower ranked men slept there. Officers and the Master had better cabins with the junior officers in the bow and the Masters cabin at the stern and raised above the deck by one or more levels. Examples You may hear someone refer to a vessel as Beamy. This means that a vessel has a wide beam in proportion to her length.

Predicting Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Display

Predicting Fall Color and Autumn Leaf Display University of Georgia silvics professor, Dr. Kim Coder, suggests there are ways to predict how beautiful a fall color and autumn leaf display will be. Key predictors are used along with a good mix of common sense and can forecast the quality of a viewing season with surprising accuracy. Leaf Volume The fall season should start with substantial leaf volume. The more leaves attached to trees entering the color season means more to look at. Droughty summer weather conditions can limit that volume but a wet summer can set up disease and insects. You hope for a moderately dry summer. Health Healthy leaves not only present quality viewable leaf surfaces to look at but vigorous leaves stay attached to trees longer. Pest and environmental problems can damage and disrupt leaf surfaces so much that they can actually detract from a quality viewing season. Increased pests can be a factor of both weather and temperature during the summer growing season. Temperature and Precipitation Cool night temperatures with no freezes or frosts and cool, bright, unclouded sunny days will enhance the leaf color change. Slightly dry conditions in the last half of the growing season and on into the fall have a positive effect. Here are the conditions Dr. Coder says contribute to a poor season: Fall rain fronts and long overcast periods diminish color presentation. So do strong wind storms that blow the leaves from the trees. Wet and humid growing seasons lead to many leaf infections and premature leaf abscission. Freezing temperature and hard frosts stop color formation dead. Get Organized A true leaf-peeper will keep accurate annual records of peak color days over the past decade. Peak color day dates tend to repeat themselves over time.

To write a critique or critical review of a scientific paper. Does Article

To write a critique or critical review of a scientific paper. Does bullying cause emotional problems A prospective study of young teenagers - Article Example One study focused on bullying effects on pre-pubescent children with the result being loneliness, depression, and school maladjustment. Another research reviewed was a small parallel study on bullying on adolescents. The findings predicted poor physical health for boys, poor mental health for girls and early onset depression for both. Both cited reviews were from primary sources and seem to be relevant to the study problem. However, the researchers do not give a critical analysis of the results of the cited reviews. The research was conducted through the collection and analysis of survey data from a sample size of over two thousand teenage students collected twice over a period of two years (Bond, Carlin, Thomas, Rubin and Patton, 480). The study was undertaken in schools around Victoria, Australia with a sample size of 2680 secondary school students. The sample was selected from a large population of students from over 12 school districts in rural and metropolitan Victoria. Participation in the study was voluntary for students; requiring written parental consent before involvement in the research. The researchers also sought the approval of education and health stakeholders. They included The Royal Childrens Hospital, the ethics, and human research committee, the Catholic Education Office and the Victorian Department of Education and Training (Bond et al.,481). The researchers clearly describe the method of sample selection. In metropolitan Melbourne, statistical probability methods were used to allocate randomly all participating schools to control or intervention status. Then random sampling methods were employed by the researchers to select 12 schools from the â€Å"intervention† status and 12 schools from the â€Å"control† status. In Rural Victoria, six schools were randomly selected from two regional districts. The total number of schools in Victoria that agreed to participate was twenty-six. Twelve of those schools were assigned

The three most inportant gifts i ever received are Essay

The three most inportant gifts i ever received are - Essay Example When I was young I always had the capability to come out as a leader in my class. I used to be the class representative at an age when my group mates were hesitant to come in front of the teacher. I have learned to lead from the front and guide my class mates through everything that they face. The leadership skills I believe have been gifted to me by God himself. Similarly I have also been gifted the capability of being determined in life. Determination is yet another god gifted capability for which I did not have to do much in my life. From an early age I always had this determination in achieving my goals when I set them up. I wanted to clear the subject of mathematics with a good grade and with the right determination and struggle I was able to do so. I believe that this determination would also help me in the future. Determination is the most important gift I ever received from God as I believe that I can be able to achieve almost anything that I require in this world. Starting from my very early life I received a lot of presents from my family members on my birthday but one special gift that I still remember as the best from my childhood was when my grandfather gifted me a watch. A watch seems too ordinary for an important gift but the timing of the gift matters most to me. While gifting me the watch my grandfather said â€Å"Son, always be particular about your timings†. Ever since I used that watch to make sure that I was particular about my timings and this has helped me greatly in life. These three gifts have helped me to become a better man in my life. I believe that with these gifts I can make out something good of my life and can achieve anything that I require. Being particular about my timings can help me to set an example for others and the capability to lead can help me to lead other people. Similarly with the determination of my sort I think that I can be able to achieve almost any

Research Essay Example for Free

Research Essay El Fili as it is popularly called, is a darker and more evolved novel compared to Noli. Its a book about revenge, manipulation, deception and greed to name a few. Its a shorter book. The dreaminess and idealism of the Noli Me Tangere gives way to the darker, grimmer, more cynical tone of the El Filibusterismo. So the language style also changes instead of the longer, declamative dialogue of the Noli, you have the more direct, action-packed style of the Fill. The Noli, with its anti-friar commentary, still shows hopefulness in terms of a Just civil colonial governance. In comparison, the Fili describes a deep-seated corruption in oth civil government and church, creating a society seething with injustice, and setting the stage for possible revolution. I guess this definitely shows the changes in Rizals state of mind as he was writing the two novels. So, he wrote Fili and expressed his thoughts on the possible solution to the countrys situation. Yes, if you really analyze the messages in both novels, Nolis intention was to state the problem while Fills was to present the possible solutions. I thought Rizal did not write Fili Just to fan further the flame caused by Noli but to tell the Filipinos he different alternatives to their problems and what he thought was the best solution: non-violence. 1. Style. The opening scene in Noli, the grand welcome party in Capitan Tiagos house mirrors the condition of the country right away. On the other hand, the upper and lower decks in MN Tabo shows the marked difference between the social strata in the country particularly the Spaniards (peninsulares, insulares, mestizos) and the lowly indios. As per as the manner of writing, i. e. , long or short, simple or complex, sentences, rushed or leisurely pacing, they are the same. -rte SCORE: 0-0 2. Tone. Noli is social while Fili is political. Noli still has a heart because it has this passionate love story between Ibarra and Maria Clara. Fili is mostly about revenge and debates which mean it has more brain than heart. So, this depends in the readers preference. I thought that I enjoyedNoli more. Noli over Fili SCORE: 1-0 3. Mood. Noli is confused yet still hopeful. Angst is still underneath. Fillis altogether hatred from page 1 until the last chapter except in the last scene. There are more scenes in Noli where I was mesmerized by Rizals use of beautiful prose putting natural color on his settings. There are still some in Fili but they were overshadowed by the strong hatred emotions from the characters. SCORE: 2-0 4. Diction. Rizal used his characters to express his thoughts. There are these debates or long conversations that while reading, you will get the feeling that Rizal is discussing his views with you. In Noli, there are only 2: Ibarra and Pilisopo Tasyo is one and the debate about the town fiesta as the other. Fili on the other hand, has a lot more: Isagani vs Ginoong Pasta, Macaraig vs Don Cammaro, the friars and government officials in Los Banos, Placido Penitente vs his professor, Isagani vs Padre Fernandez and even the last scene with Simon and Padre Florentino. Wonderful debates. Fili over Noli SCORE: 2-1 5. Point of View. Both employ an omniscient narrator but there is a part in Fili when Rizal used stream-of-consciousness. This is the part when Simoun heard about the death of Maria Clara. What an effective way of expressing Rizals sadness and I could not help but wonder if this was how he felt when Leonor Rivera got married to a foreigner. SCORE: 2-2 6. Narrative Presence. The attitude of the omniscient narrator is more accommodating and patient in Fili rather than in Noli. For example, in the Noche Buena scene in Noli, the narrator used the readers sympathy over the limping Basilio chasing the crazy Sisa and he forgot to describe the setting. In Fili with Basilio after 13 years, I was in awe reading the beautiful description of the forest while Basilio was remembering the first Noche Buena. Narrative Attitude. Despite those beautiful descriptions of the settings in Fill, it is more direct and straightforward. Although the message is sometimes diluted by the many options presented, Rizal was able to tie the loose ends in the very last chapter during the whole-day conversation between Simoun and Padre Florentino. Also, the dialogues are more brutal like in the scene with the talking head or sphinx. SCORE: 2-4 8. Time Frame. Noli starts with Ibarras homecoming after staying in Europe for 7 years. Fili starts witn Simouns appearance atter disappearing as Ibarra atter 1 years. Ibarra is hopeful that he will be able to bring change by putting up a school with his love for his country as the reason. He was able to learn this from his trips abroad including his stay in Spain. However, the 13 years in Cuba was, for me, not enough for Simoun to gather all those treasures that he claimed to have even come rom Marie Antoinette and the pyramids in Egypt. It Just sounded not too plausible.. Time Management. Noli starts at the end of October to December 24 (Christmas Eve). Fili on Christmas Eve to after Holy Week or after the school year. Less than 2 months for Rizal to tell the tale of a small town of San Diego but he needed more than that to tell the events in the city. I thought he used his time frames quite well in both. SCORE: still at 3-4 10. Place. If Calamba were the basis for San Diego, the Binondo and San Diego locations in Noli seems to be more realistic. The Laguna de Bay-Manila-pasig River- Tiyani-Binondo then finally to a provincial place with a plateau and the plateau is right in front of a deep sea is Just a bit of a stretch. How could the weak and wounded Simoun travel to a far-flung provincial place of Padre Florentino? Some say that the basis of this place was Atimonan, Quezon and it is a 4-hour drive from Manila. But for a horse-drawn carriage during the Spanish times? And Simoun was still able to confess to the priest for 1 whole day! SCORE: 4-4 11. Motif. The letters are the recurring images in Noli and there was not a single letter in Fill. Rather, in Fili the recurring images are the treasures and the lights. The letters in Noli denotes secrecy or inner ghosts. They signify the hidden emotional turmoil of Rizal and the Filipinos. The treasures in Fili means evil not all the glitters are gold and the lights, e. g. the stars that were in the sky guiding Basilio, the lights reflected on the surface of Laguna de Bay and the lamplight that could have killed all the rich and famous in Manila, signify hope. Rizal was really wonderful in using his motifs. SCORE: still at 4-4 12. Theme. Overall, Noli is positive: hope, love, beautiful memories, parties, town iesta, picnic by the riverbank, groundbreaki ng for a school, many books, knowledge, etc. On the other hand, again overall, Fili is negative: hate, revenge, death, rape in the open, persecution, students leaving the university, scary stage shows, protests, son killing his own kin, etc SCORE: 5-4 13. Irony. Since there is no prevailing emotion in Noli, the use of irony in that novel is more effective. Who would forget the Christmas Eve when Basilio was chasing Sisa, his lunatic mother? There were also scenes in Filiwhen this was nicely used like when Simoun went to the house of Kabesang Tales and lured him to commit rebellion by howing him the treasures. However, we already knew Simouns intent even at the onset so it was not as effective as those last scene in Noli. The one of Carolino and Tandang Selo was anti-climatic in my opinion. SCORE: 6-4 14. Rythmn. Narrative rhythm is greatly influence by the theme in these two books. I enjoyed the deployment of words better in Noli for example the old-fashioned but kilig dialogues between Ibarra and Maria Clara when they were in the azotea. The many long debates in Fili were at times so convoluted that they tend to go around in circles (not to mention non-sense characters mouthing nonsense statements) that here are parts when they were boring and pointless. SCORE: 7-4 15. Pace. I thought that this was won by Fili by a mile.

Comparison Between Sculpture in Kuwait and Australia Essay -- Art

Comparison between Sculpture in Kuwait and Australia Research Objectives There have been significant differences between the sculptures in Kuwait and those in Australia. The research will evaluate the weaknesses in Kuwait sculptures in terms of funds accessible, available galleries and the public awareness on this artistic works. In addition, the research will evaluate ways of strengthening the sculptures in Kuwait. Synopsis The difference between contemporary and traditional art can be demonstrated by analyzing the sculptures in Kuwait. This is because the available sculptures have been neglected and the artists remain unappreciated despite their amazing talent and dedication. This paper will analyze the galleries in Kuwait, the art schools, funds allocated and the existing sculptures, and compare these factors with those in Australia. The differences to be realized after the analysis will be used to develop a strategy aimed at improving the sculptures and other artworks in Kuwait. Background Information The sculptures available in Kuwait have been long forgotten, especially those in public places. The sculpture in Rumaithiya is one example of sculptures that have been neglected, as demonstrated by the rust and cracks in the sculpture (Modeen 2009). For a very long time, many people have ignored artworks and sculptures across Kuwait. The government has also not been vibrant enough to promote sculpture making. This has made individuals to take to other jobs, hence reducing the number of artists willing to engage in sculpture making. The artists who have concentrated in sculpture making have been reducing in numbers given that in this era developed computer software is being used to generate virtual designs. Graphic design ... ...ill take another seven days after which the renowned artists and sculptors will be contacted. Depending on their schedules, the study will give each individual an allowance of ten days, and since the artists will be three, one month will be used to conduct the interviews. Works Cited Art Kuwait 2011, Spatial sound sculpture – new generation of art, viewed 29 August 2011, Drury, N 1993, New sculpture: Profiles in contemporary Australian sculpture, Craftsman House, Sydney. Lumley, A 1990, Sydney's sculpture, Longman Cheshire, Sydney. Modeen, T 2009, Public sculpture in Kuwait – Rumaithiya, viewed 29 August 2011, Sturgeon, G 1991, Contemporary Australian sculpture, Craftsman House, Sydney.

MRI Applications Imaging Knee Joint Health And Social Care Essay

The articulatio genus articulation is one of the most complicated articulations in the human organic structure. Because the articulatio genus is so vulnerable in many respects, it is besides the most normally injured articulation, particularly in the younger, athletic population. As a consequence of the enormous emphasiss applied on the constructions of the articulatio genus during athletic activities, articulatio genus hurts are besides the taking cause of long-run disablement of jocks ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . In add-on to other imaging modes such as computing machine imaging, ultrasound and general skiagraphy, magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) is now normally used to picture the complex anatomy and pathological findings of one of the most of import joint articulations in our organic structures ( Harper et al 2005 ) . The cause of internal mental unsoundnesss of the articulatio genus can run from athleticss activities to effects of devolution. Arthroscopy was the primary method used to accomplish a comprehensive rating of articulatio genus joint constructions before MRI became widely available. In comparing to MRI imagination, the arthroscopic process is both invasive and expensive. With the outgrowth of MRI as a powerful diagnostic tool, arthroscopies are no longer routinely used to name internal articulation constructions. Alternatively, it is now more normally used for curative benefits, and to clear up inconclusive findings ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . MRI has contributed mostly to the basic apprehension and clinical diagnosing of assorted hurts and conditions impacting the articulatio genus. The different constructions in the articulatio genus can be visualized in great item on different MRI pulsation sequences.MeniscusThe semilunar cartilage are made up of fibrocartilaginous constructions that a ttach to the condylar surface of the shinbone. The median semilunar cartilage remainders on the interior of the articulatio genus, whilst the sidelong semilunar cartilage lies on the exterior of the articulatio genus. Meniscal hurts are one of the most common causes of articulatio genus hurting and disablement ( Alatakis & A ; Naidoo 2009 ) . Acute meniscal hurts are normally caused by either valgus emphasis with external rotary motion or varus emphasis with internal rotary motion of the articulatio genus. Patients with meniscal harm normally experience hurting and swelling as their primary symptoms. Other common ailments include joint-locking, starting and snaping within the articulatio genus, or the inability to wholly unbend the articulation. Harmonizing to Feller ( 2002 ) , additive, complex, or diffuse increased signal strength within the semilunar cartilage and communicate with an articular surface are declarative of meniscal cryings on MR images. Meniscal cryings may be descr ibed in assorted ways, which include horizontal cleavage, radial, parrot beak, peripheral or perpendicular, flap, bucket-handle, meniscocapsular separation, complex, and macerated ( Feller 2002 ) . Grenier ( 2004 ) describes the normal semilunar cartilage as a semi-circle of gristle and collagen fibers that appear as low, homogeneous signals with wedged-shape profiles on all MRI sequences, and ‘bow-tie ‘ profiles on sagittal pieces ( Figure 1 ) . Younger patients may look to hold intrasubstance signal around the peripheral border on the scans. This happening is sometimes mistaken for a tear. However, the signal is more frequently showing vascularity, non pathology. Although the axial plane can be used to expose meniscal construction, everyday axial images at 4 to 5mm may be excessively thick to show meniscal pathology. Harmonizing to Fox ( 2007 ) , a piece thickness of about 3 to 4 millimeter is more ideal in showing a meniscal tear in the axial plane. The anterior and posterior horns of the median and sidelong semilunar cartilages are best demonstrated on sagittal pieces, whilst coronal images best show the meniscal organic structures. Hence, the semilunar cartilage are best evaluated on the sagittal and coronal planes. High spacial declaration and an optimized signal/noise ratio ratio are besides required to supply accurate visual image of the semilunar cartilage. At our pattern, PD- weighted fast spin-echo images are preferred for meniscal rating as they can show the assorted classs of meniscal cryings or devolution. Meniscal hurts are frequently accompanied by secondary pathologies of the articulatio genus. Fat impregnation is besides appli ed in the PD sequences to visualise any presence of ligamentous hurts and bone marrow hydrops ( Harper et al 2005 ) . Figure 1. T1-weighted sagittal image of the right articulatio genus showing the normal ‘bowtie ‘ visual aspect of the sidelong semilunar cartilage ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . Meniscal cysts can frequently do marks and symptoms consistent with typical meniscal pathology, and include swelling, hurting, tenderness, limited mobility, and a tangible mass. They are normally unstable aggregations that have resulted from the peripheral borders of horizontal cleavage cryings or complex cryings of the semilunar cartilage. Meniscal cysts besides tend to be more normally associated with cryings in the sidelong semilunar cartilage, and are by and large accompanied by lateralizing joint line tenderness ( Feller 2002 ) . Harmonizing to Grenier & A ; Wessely ( 2004 ) , the cystic mass normally appears with low signal strength on T1-weighted images, but has increased signal strength on T2-weighted MR images. Meniscal cysts can look in all imagination planes, but are best demonstrated in axial and coronal images.Ligaments: Cruciate & A ; CollateralLigamentous hurts of the articulatio genus are common happenings among jocks. The constructions that function as the chief stab ilizers of the normal articulatio genus joint consist of four chief ligaments ; the medial and sidelong collateral ligaments, every bit good as the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) and posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) ( Tham et al 2008 ) . The most often injured ligament in the articulatio genus is the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The ACL ‘s primary maps are to forestall anterior interlingual rendition of the tibia relation to the thighbone, limit rotary motion of the shinbone when the articulatio genus is in extension, and bound varus and valgus emphasis when the medial and sidelong collateral ligaments are injured. Cryings of the ACL are normally caused by valgus emphasis or hyperextension, and normally occur in featuring activities that involve changeless acceleration and slowing ( Berquist 2001 ) . Although best demonstrated in the sagittal position, the normal ACL appears as a thick set of fibers with low signal strength on all imaging planes. The ACL is best demonstrated in the sagittal plane. In the normal articulatio genus, it is shown to attach proximally at the internal facet of the sidelong femoral condyle, and distally to the anterior shinbone and the anterior facet of the tibial spinal column ( see Figure 2a ) . However, due to partial averaging of the proximal ACL with the cortical border of the sidelong femoral condyle, the proximal femoral fond regard of the ACL is non ever demonstrated faithfully on sagittal images. Therefore, axial images can be helpful in visualising the proximal ACL and femoral fond regard. On the coronal pieces, the ACL is demonstrated as a level set adjacent to the sidelong femoral condyles ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . If there is no visual image or discontinuity of the ACL in merely the sagittal plane, it is normally sufficient in naming the presence of an ACL tear. When there is a tear nowadays, the ACL fibers can be seen to be wholly or partly disrupted with unnatural morphology and signal strength ( Tham et al 2008 ) . Other marks of a tear are discontinuity and an change of the orientation of the fibers ( see Figure 2b ) . Harmonizing to Grenier & A ; Wessely ( 2004 ) , intrasubstance high signal countries tend to be indexs of partial cryings in the ACL. Chronic cryings are characterized with outstanding fibrosis and associated cicatrix formation. Because of the mechanism of hurt, ACL cryings are frequently accompanied by associated ligamental, meniscal, and boney hurts. Figure 2a ) ( left ) Sagittal proton-density image of the articulatio genus demoing the normal ACL ( white pointer ) ( Tham et al 2008 ) . B ) ( right ) Sagittal T1-weighted image of the articulatio genus demoing discontinuity of the ligament fibers ( pointer ) , proposing an acute tear in the ACL ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . The chief map of the posterior cruciate ligament ( PCL ) is to move as the primary stabilizer of the articulatio genus, and prevent posterior interlingual rendition of the shinbone. It is located near the centre of rotary motion of the articulatio genus, and has a normal ‘inverted hockey-stick ‘ visual aspect. Because the PCL is thicker and stronger than the ACL, it is injured less normally. However, hurts to the PCL can be caused by a direct blunt force to the anterior facet of the articulatio genus. The force of the injury can force the shinbone back posteriorly in relation to the thighbone, ensuing in a sprain or tear of the PCL ( Roberts et al 2007 ) . Injuries to the PCL can show the same scope of visual aspects on MR imaging as ACL hurts, including focal countries of unnatural signal to finish break of the ligament. Specific countries of increased signal strength and break of ‘hockey-stick ‘ visual aspect of the PCL are common indexs of a partial tear of the PCL ( Figures 3 a & A ; B ) . However, PCL cryings are non every bit common as ACL cryings, and secondary findings may non be as characteristic or well-described. The PCL is visualized in all MRI planes and sequences with a uniform, hypointense signal. Similar to the ACL, the PCL is besides best visualized on sagittal images, and can hold partial or complete cryings ( Grenier & A ; Wessely 2004 ) . Coronal images may be helpful in measuring the short diameter cross-section of the PCL ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . Figure 3a ) ( left ) The upside-down ‘hockey stick ‘ visual aspect of the PCL is shown in a sagittal T1-weighted image of a normal articulatio genus. B ) ( right ) The signal strength of the PCL has changed, and there is besides discontinuity of the fibers. The PCL no longer has an ‘inverted hockey-stick ‘ visual aspect ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . The chief constructions that provide stableness to the medial and sidelong parts of the articulatio genus are the indirect ligaments. MRI rating of the collateral ligaments is effectual, but can be disputing because of the anatomic fluctuation and the thin nature of these constructions. The mechanisms of hurt to the medial and sidelong collateral ligaments are inordinate valgus and varus emphasis ( Helms et al 2009 ) . The median collateral ligament ( MCL ) is normally visualized as a level construction that begins from the epicondyles of the thighbone and attaches into the median shinbone. The MCL is the 2nd most normally injured ligament in the articulatio genus. The sidelong or fibular collateral ligament ( LCL ) attaches the distal thighbone to the fibular caput collectively with the biceps femur, and is the chief restraint to varus forces on the articulatio genus ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . The collateral ligaments are by and large best visualized on coronal pieces, looking as countries of low signal strength ( see Figures 4 a & A ; B ) . The LCL can by and large be evaluated on a individual coronal image due to its oblique class. The short diameter cross-section of the MCL can besides be demonstrated on consecutive axial images. These are indispensable in finding the extent of partial cryings or intrasubstance sprains ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . When there is a complete tear of the LCL, irregular contouring of the lacerate ligament with environing fluid or hydrops can be observed on MRI images ( Feller 2002 ) . As with the semilunar cartilage, conventional spin reverberation sequences provide moderately accurate appraisal of the ligaments. The normal ligament may be good visualized on T1-weighted spin-echo images. But in the presence of a joint gush, the unity of the cruciate ligaments may be hard to measure. In our pattern, PD spin-echo sequences are by and large used in all imaging programs as they provide good contrast between the ligament and joint fluid, and show a greater SNR ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . Figure 4a ) ( left ) Coronal PD images of the articulatio genus show a normal sidelong collateral ligament ( LCL ) that attaches from the sidelong femoral condyle to the caput of the calf bone ( white arrowheads ) . B ) ( right ) The normal median collateral ligament ( MCL ) can be seen attaching from the median femoral condyle to the median surface of the organic structure of the shinbone ( white pointers ) ( Tham at el 2008 ) .Osseous PathologyBone bruising is frequently associated with coincident soft tissue hurts. Therefore, placing bone bruising besides helps to place other possible hurts. Tension injuries affecting ligaments tend to avulse bony fond regard sites. Bone bruising at the sidelong femoral condyles and the posterolateral facet of the tibial tableland are normally related to acute cryings of the ACL. Assorted hurts to the ligamentous and meniscal constructions are besides associated with osteal pathology. Although blunt breaks can be good visualized on conventional sk iagraphy, bone bruising by and large requires MRI to be visualized ( Grenier & A ; Wessely 2004 ) . Traumatic bony lesions, microfractures or trabeculate hurts that occur in the ague or subacute scene are normally accompanied by bone marrow hydrops. They by and large present as low signal strength countries on T1 images, or increased signal strength countries on T2 and fat suppressed images. Fat suppressed images are helpful as they will show an increased signal strength if bony jobs are present. Fat suppression eliminates the signal from the marrow, therefore leting bone marrow hydrops to go more apparent. Figure 5 demonstrates an country of increased signal strength on a T2-weighted image, bespeaking the presence of bone bruising. Bone bruises and stress reactions can frequently look as a diffuse or localised country of low signal strength on T1- weighted images. A defined break line is normally non seen. However, any cortical or stress breaks that may be present would look as cri sp, chiseled, additive subdivisions with reduced signal strength on all MR sequences ( Feller 2002 ) . Figure 5. Sagittal T2-weighted image showing a big bone bruise within the femoral condyle ( pointer ) ( Grenier & A ; Wessely 2004 ) .Extensor muscle MechanismThe extensor mechanism is made up of the quadriceps musculus and sinew, kneecap, and patellar sinew. Injury to the extensor mechanism seldom occurs. However, should it happen, it is normally indirect, and is frequently caused by strong quadriceps contraction that is opposed by forced flexure of the articulatio genus. Loss of map in the extensor mechanism and sever hurting are direct consequences of complete break of the mechanism ( Feller 2002 ) . Patellar disruption occurs when the kneecap has been wholly displaced from the femoral trochlea, and is the most common cause of break of the extensor mechanism. The disruption about ever occurs to the sidelong side. An arthroscopic process is normally required if a piece of patellar gristle is found on the MR images ( Stoller 2002 ) . Osgood-Schlatter disease and jumperA?s articulatio genus both root from chronic patellar tendinitis. With Osgood-Schlatter disease, redness of the sinew occurs. However, with jumper ‘s articulatio genus, micro-tears and collagen devolution occur as a consequence of puting repeated strain on the joint with gestures such as leaping motions ( Berquist 2001 ) . Both entities have similar MRI findings, and are demonstrated as focal or spindle-shaped thickener of the patellar sinew, and may show with increased intratendonous signal. The increased signal by and large appears near the tibial tubercle with Osgood-Schlatter disease. However, with jumperA?s articulatio genus, the increased signal is normally present near to the part of the inferior pole of the kneecap. Overliing hypodermic hydrops can sometimes happen, taking to countries of low signal strength due to bony fragments ( Feller 2002 ) .Extra InjuriesInjury to the articulatio genus can besides ensue in hurt to other of import soft tissue constructions, such as the Bursa, which includes the popliteal, prepatellar, pes anserinus, semi-membranosus and tibial collateral ligament Bursa. Inflammation, or bursitis, in these countries can frequently be mistaken for other intra-articular pathologies. MRI is able to supply brilliant visual image of these soft tissue constructions. The popliteal Bursa is normally the most common site of hurt. The normal popliteal Bursa may incorporate a little sum of fluid in the posterior facet of the articulatio genus, and by and large nowadayss as a focal country of increased T2 signal ( Grenier et al 2004 ) . Traumatic haemarthrosis can besides happen as a consequence of a meniscal or ligamental tear. MRI imagination is helpful in finding the beginning of the hydrops. A standard articulatio genus protocol is normally sufficient in imaging traumatic haemarthrosis.MR ArthrographyConventional arthrography has bit by bit become unneeded with the debut of MRI of the articulatio gen us. MR arthrography is used merely when there is a demand to foster measure the post-operative meniscua, osteochondral lesions, or show loose organic structures, in a patient with no joint gush. MR arthrography may be direct or indirect ( Helms et al 2009 ) . In indirect arthrography, Gd is injected intravenously. The articulatio genus is so scanned about 10 to 20 proceedingss after, during which some contrast would hold diffused into the articulatio genus articulation. However, indirect arthrography does non supply distention of the articulatio genus articulation with fluid, which is indispensable in this process. Hence, indirect arthrography remains more limited. With direct arthrography, contrast is injected straight into the patellofemoral articulation through the sidelong facet of the kneecap. If the radiotherapist executing the process is experienced, fluoroscopic counsel is non even necessary. MR arthrography of the articulatio genus is non presently performed at our pattern, and at the minute, no protocol has been established for this process. However, harmonizing to Magee et Al ( 2003 ) , T1-weighted images with fat impregnation are typically employed following the injection of Gd. If normal saline is used as the contrast agent, T2-weighted or gradient echo images with T2 weighting may be used every bit good.MR ProtocolWith our 1.5-Tesla MR system, imagination of the articulatio genus is performed with the patient in a supine place, with a dedicated phased-array quadrature articulatio genus spiral. If the patient ‘s articulatio genus is unable to suit into the standard spiral, or that the patient has trouble widening their articulatio genus, a flexible surface spiral may be used. Most patterns have standard protocols for MR imaging rating of the articulatio genus which normally includes coronal, sagittal, and axial positions. A standard articulatio genus protocol at our pattern includes: T1 Sagittal PD FS Sagittal ( Proton denseness with fat impregnation ) T2 GRE ( Gradient echo ) Sagittal PD Coronal PD FS Coronal PD FS Axial Sagittal images are likely the best imagination plane at showing pathologies affecting the internal constructions and assorted pathologies of the articulatio genus. Components of the median and indirect ligaments, every bit good as the next capsule, are well-demonstrated in the sagittal plane. Mid-sagittal pieces can supply visual image of the patellofemoral compartment, quadriceps, and kneecap sinew. The ACL and PCL are besides best displayed on sagittal images. The sagittal plane is normally sufficient in naming cryings of the ACL and PCL, as breaks or unnatural signal strengths bespeaking a tear are easy demonstrated in the sagittal plane ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . Images in the sagittal plane can besides be highly helpful in measuring meniscal anatomy for both devolutions and cryings. The coronal plane enables the visual image of the posterior capsule, popliteus sinew, cruciate ligaments and semilunar cartilage, the collateral ligaments, and the extensor mechanism. The collateral ligaments are besides often evaluated utilizing the coronal plane. Coronal images can be used in concurrence with sagittal images to show the cruciate ligaments, and to measure the posterior femoral condyles, which are common sites of articular eroding. The low signal strength popliteal vass are besides identified on posterior coronal images ( Helms et al 2009 ) . Due to the oblique orientation of the median and sidelong patellar aspects, every bit good as the articular gristle, the axial plane is the most equal at showing these constructions through the patella-femoral articulation. Axial plane images by and large serve as a localizer to find sagittal and coronal planning. Majority of the osteal dealingss between the kneecap, thighbone and tibua, every bit good as the fond regards of the cruciate and indirect ligaments can be displayed in axial images. The larger sidelong patellar aspect and the oblique median kneecap aspect are besides seen in the axial plane, as are both the sidelong and median patellar retinacular fond regards at the degree of the patellofemoral articulation ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . In order to adequately measure the articulatio genus, images should be obtain in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes. All three imaging planes work in concurrence to show all the internal constructions of the articulatio genus. For illustration, although the semilunar cartilage are chiefly evaluated on sagittal images, they are frequently supplemented by images in the coronal plane. Sagittal images are used to visualise the cruciate ligaments, which can besides be farther assessed on coronal and sometimes axial images. Coronal images are indispensable in showing collateral ligaments, but are besides supplemented by axial images. The patellofemoral articulation is best assessed on axial images, but can besides be evaluated on sagittal images ( Stoller 2002 ) . Hence, all three planes are indispensable in exhaustively showing the articulatio genus. The most normally used sequences for MRI of the articulatio genus include spin-echo or fast spin-echo ( FSE ) proton denseness sequences , with or without fat impregnation, T1 and gradient reverberation ( GRE ) .Image SequencesStandard protocols for MRI rating of the articulatio genus include sagittal, axial and coronal images. A typical modus operandi protocol at our pattern may include sequences such as: PD- leaden spin-echo imagination ; T1-weighted spin-echo imagination ; and T2-weighted gradient reverberation imagination. Other optional protocols include a short tau inversion recovery ( STIR ) sequence in the sagittal plane. In PD-weighted sequences, the image contrast is dependent chiefly on the denseness of protons in the imagination volume. The images are typically acquired utilizing TR that is greater that with T1 sequences, and TE that is less than in T2 sequences. At our pattern, PD sequences are chiefly used in all planes to show the articulatio genus. This is because PD spin reverberation images have high signal to resound ratio, and are able to supply accurate anatomical item. When fat impregnation is applied, PD-weighted sequences have an increased sensitiveness for synovial fluid within meniscal cryings. This makes the sequence highly valuable in measuring meniscal pathology. The combination of fat impregnation with PD weighted sequences besides allows for high sensitiveness to cartilage and intramedullary osteal abnormalcies ( Stoller 2002 ) . Fat impregnation to supply a better presentation of any abnormalcy, appraisal of bone marrow abnormalcies, and enables the distinction between fluid an d fat at their interface. Fat impregnation is applied to take the high signal strength of fat in the articulatio genus, therefore leting bone marrow pathology, semilunar cartilage and gristle to be demonstrated more clearly. Therefore, PD weighted sequences with fat impregnation is used in all three imaging planes to measure the articulatio genus ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . However, PD weighted sequences utilizing fat impregnation normally require longer scanning times, which can sometimes be a disadvantage to the injured patient. The effectivity of fat impregnation is besides decreased at low magnetic field strengths, and it is extremely sensitive to local magnetic field inhomogeneities ( Helms et al 2009 ) . A gradient reverberation sequence and T1-weighted sequence are besides performed in the sagittal plane. In imagination, a T1 image is obtained when merely one reverberation is generated utilizing a short TR and TE. The T1-weighted sequence provides a general overview of the anatomy and any gross pathology. Normal anatomy of the ligaments and semilunar cartilages can be adequately visualized on T1 images. However, in the presence of a joint gush, any pathology nowadays may go hard to measure. T1-weighted images are besides non able to adequately show the hyaline gristle as it appears of low signal strength, and is hence identical from joint fluid ( Stoller 2002 ) . A gradient reverberation is formed when a brace of bipolar gradient pulsations is used. In T2-weighted gradient reverberation sequences, a smaller somersault angle is used, along with longer TR and TE. Signal strength alterations within the ligaments ensuing from hurt are more clearly demonstrated on T2-weight gradient reverberation sequences, therefore leting for the accurate appraisal of the unity of the ligament. Gradient reverberation images besides display the hyaline gristle with high signal strength, which in bend contrasts aggressively with next constructions of low signal strength ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) . However, because gradient reverberation images do non supply equal visual image of bone marrow pathology, they are non by and large recommended for the rating of bony pathology, particularly in the instance of the injured patient.DiscussionStandard articulatio genus imaging protocols can besides include T2-weighted every bit good as STIR sequences. Conventio nal PD sequences were compared to FSE-PD sequences in 216 back-to-back surveies. Amongst the 216 patients, it was found that 42 cryings were missed on the fast spin reverberation ( FSE ) PD sequences, but shown in the conventional PD sequence ( Helms 2009 ) . Hence, Helms et Al ( 2009 ) concludes that FSE PD images are unacceptable in the imagination of the articulatio genus. Alternatively, the writer suggests that sagittal FSE T2-weighted images with fat impregnation would supply brilliant visual image of the cruciate ligaments, gristle and osteal constructions. Similarly, the survey states that although gradient reverberation sequences would do for imaging the gristle, but was unacceptable of showing the castanetss. However, a separate survey by Wolff et Al ( 2008 ) has found that FSE PD-weighted sequences are sufficient in showing meniscal cryings. T2-weighted and STIR sequences are non typically performed at our pattern. T2-weighted fast spin-echo MR imagination with fat impregnation can be an accurate and fast technique for observing and rating articular gristle defects in the articulatio genus ( Alatakis & A ; Naidoo 2009 ) . Because PD-weighted sequences have high SNR and can supply high anatomic item, we chiefly use PD sequences in geting articulatio genus images. However, it has been noted that pathology, which is characterized by an addition in unstable content, can be accentuated in the PD weighted sequences. One of the benefits of the STIR sequence is that the signal from fat is wholly suppressed. Another advantage of the STIR sequences is that because they are based on the rapid T1 recovery of fat, they can be employed utilizing low field strength, and are non affected by gradient field inhomogeneities. Because the STIR sequence does non trust as much on the homogeneousness of the magnetic field, it can supply an alte rnate method of fat signal suppression. Bone hydrops can besides be assessed utilizing STIR sequences. However, STIR images by and large have a comparatively low SNR. Thus, tissues with a similar T1 to flesh out, such as bleeding, melanin and Gd, may besides be suppressed ( Berquist 2001 ) . For this ground, STIR sequences are by and large unsuitable for MR arthrography or scanning following endovenous Gd ( Magee et al 2003 ) . This sequence may be used in our pattern if there is metal artifact nowadays. Metallic devices can make an inhomogenous magnetic field. This can ensue in countries of suboptimal fat impregnation. STIR sequences frequently result in reduced SNR, and as a consequence, images can hold a farinaceous visual aspect with loss of tissue signal declaration ( Helms et al 2009 ) . STIR sequences besides require longer scan times. After reexamining the literature, it has been taken into history that some alterations to our current protocol could be made. It is my continued belief that the PD-weighted sequences utilizing fat impregnation provides that most accurate information sing the constructions of the articulatio genus articulation. However, some consideration is necessary in respects to the add-on of T2 fat-saturated wreath and sagittal sequences may be necessary so as to visualise pathology such as recurrent cryings, perchance replacing the demand for a T1-weighted sagittal sequence. A possible alteration of protocol may include FSE T2-weighted images with fat impregnation in all three planes. A conventional PD-weighted sequence with fat impregnation in the sagittal plane should be included, therefore supplying high truth of the semilunar cartilage, ligaments and gristle ( Helms 2009 ) . STIR sequences may be used to replace gradient reverberation sequences if there is metal present, or if rating of the bone marrow is required. When make up one's minding whether or non to alter the sequences, one must take into consideration the clip alteration that will happen, particularly in respects to imaging the injured patient. At present, MRI of the articulatio genus requires about 30 proceedingss with our current protocol consisting of 6 sequences. The alteration in protocol uses 4 sequences, therefore perchance cut downing the scanning clip. However, using fat impregnation with a sequence tends to increase scanning clip. The add-on of another sequence that requires fat impregnation, or the STIR sequence, could well increase the sum of clip required for a knee scan. It is still a argument as to whether these excess sequences are necessary. Sequences such as the 3-dimensional spoilt gradient-echo and STIR sequences may go unneeded for the separate rating of gristle and bone marrow alterations, particularly in injured patients ( Davies & A ; Cassar-Pullicino 2002 ) .DecisionMRI is progressively going the aureate crit erion in measuring the articulatio genus articulation. It provides a more easy come-at-able, less invasive, and comparatively less dearly-won alternate to arthroscopy. It besides provides the injured patient a comparatively easy and comfy manner of obtaining all right elaborate imagination of their articulatio genus. Although most imaging centres have set standard protocols for MRI of the articulatio genus, these protocols may sometimes necessitate accommodation in order to outdo profit the patient. In order to make up one's mind which protocol is more suited, we must first take into consideration what consequence each sequence will hold on diagnostic truth, curative impact, and the degree of patient comfort.

Business Management Personal Statement Sample

I have interest in studying business management. I appreciate the programme content and structure because of its flexibility that I can specialize in certain concentration areas such as Accountancy and Finance. Also, the policy of student-oriented teaching is a distinguishing characteristic which can provide students like me more opportunities to enhance their presentation and writing skills. Most importantly, I can gain a thorough grounding in the essential skills of business analysis and decision making.First, I am a competent and industrious student. Academically, I attained a satisfactory grade point average which was 4. 0 in my college. Simultaneously, I acquired my first professional qualification of securities through self-study. As a result, my college recognized my outstanding academic results by giving me Scholarship. Also, I was on the director list in 2008. Besides, I strongly concern our community.During the summer of 2008, I participated voluntary teaching and provided community service to a distant area called He Yuan in Guangdong province. I also joined a local charity to provide community service such as organizing a trip for the minority in Hong Kong. Such experience has strengthened my problem-solving and interpersonal skills to tackle the challenges. Also, I have greatly advanced in my analytical skills through joining mentorship programme. For example, I learnt basic research skills from my mentor from CASH Financial Group.As mentioned above, I am now an all-rounded student who wants to advance knowledge not just to deal with business problems, but also to tackle other economic problems in society at large. For personal development, I always try my best to continue lifelong learning and contribute to society as a global citizen. I heartily believe that chances are always ready for well-prepared candidates. (284 Words) Remarks: Modified Version by [email  protected] com Copyrights reserved 2009

How to Write a Heart-Melting Graduation Speech

How to Write a Heart-Melting Graduation Speech College is almost left behind. Youve finished top in your class. You put in all the time to get those straight As and impress the pants off your teachers. Now you expect to leave school on a speech that has to be impressive for both faculty stuff and your fellow graduates. You need to write a speech that makes them laugh, cry, and think. It’s up to you to distill 4-6 years of heartbreaking sacrifice, agonizing defeat, and tons of embarrassing party stories into 10 minutes. In order to make your mark on your graduating class, you need to employ some of these vital speech-writing skills. Introduction (One Minute) You need to start your speech with something that gets their attention. While you might be tempted to go serious from the first instant, people respond to humor much better. Take advantage of your captive audience by hitting them with about a minute of solid college jokes. You can make good fun of your Dean, you can laugh about how much â€Å"research† you had to do to get your degree in Criminal Studies, or you can just tell about the time you woke up in the toilet. Do: Make sure you test out your potential jokes ahead of time to ensure that they land well. Don’t: Do not start your introduction with how much you don’t want to give a speech. Not only is it boring, but it instantly shows everyone that they shouldn’t listen to you. Your Story (3-4 Minutes) Here’s where you start to bring it down to a level. Now that you’ve got them laughing, you want to tell them a story. This needs to be a true story that has a lot of heart. Were you raised in the Foster Care system? Did you finish school despite being a paraplegic? This is what they really want to hear. They want to be inspired by the fact that you, like they, have overcome nearly insurmountable odds to come to this point in your life. Do: Explain both the trials and accomplishments over the last years of your life. If you don’t have anything (which is unlikely), choose a great historical figure, important professor, or your mom. Everyone loves their mom on graduation day. Don’t: Lie or make fun of anyone who has helped you. Remember, your audience wants to be uplifted and inspired. Make sure that even the darkest story always hints that there will be light at the end of the tunnel. Connect With Your Audience (3-4 Minutes) Once you have shared your story, it’s time to make this story about your audience. Just like you, they have been through hard things. Some of them are single parents, some of them have lost loved ones, some of them took decades to complete their degree. And, through it all, they’ve been dedicated to following their dreams. Congratulate them on their success and show them that your success is really just the success that you all share together. Do: Remember all the different people who you are representing. You are representing the poor, the lonely, the popular, the minorities, the gay, the straight. Honestly call out the fact that you are no better than they are, and that each one of you have accomplished something great. Don’t: Make fun of any individual or group that you represent. It’s your duty to represent the best in every one of the 50-50,000 people who are wearing caps and gowns. Respect their sacrifices and make your speech about them. Conclusion (1-2 Minutes) This is the end part, where you wrap everything together into one heart wrenching ball. Complete your speech by showing your audience who they could be and how each of the hard and wonderful moments of their life have led to this day. Express how their actions today will affect generations of children. Show them that they are the true heroes. Do: Look inside yourself and find the most true thing you know about who you are and who you can be. Then tell them that they have the same power, and that today is where their future begins. Don’t: Be afraid to cry. If you’re doing it right, you will realize how amazing it is that you have accomplished this goal – and so will they. They will look back on this speech and thank you for giving them a singular moment of inspiration on this momentous day. Is your graduation speech ready but you are scared to death to deliver it? Find out how to memorize your speech and   how to overcome the stage fright to stay calm on this important day! Cant write it by yourself, keep in mind that our experts are ready to write your speech for you.

The 19th Century Bone Wars

The 19th Century Bone Wars When most people think of the Wild West, they picture Buffalo Bill, Jesse James, and caravans of settlers in covered wagons. But for paleontologists, the American west in the late 19th century conjures up one image above all: the enduring rivalry between two of this countrys greatest fossil hunters, Othniel C. Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. The Bone Wars, as their feud became known, stretched from the 1870s well into the 1890s, and resulted in hundreds of new dinosaur findsnot to mention reams of bribery, trickery, and outright theft, as well get to later. (Knowing a good subject when it sees one, HBO recently announced plans for a movie version of the Bone Wars starring James Gandolfini and Steve Carell; sadly, Gandolfinis sudden death has put the project in limbo.) In the beginning, Marsh and Cope were cordial, if somewhat wary, colleagues, having met in Germany in 1864 (at the time, western Europe, not the United States, was at the forefront of paleontology research). Part of the trouble stemmed from their different backgrounds: Cope was born into a wealthy Quaker family in Pennsylvania, while Marshs family in upstate New York was comparatively poor (albeit with a very rich uncle, who enters the story later). Its probable that, even then, Marsh considered Cope a bit of a dilettante, not really serious about paleontology, while Cope saw Marsh as too rough and uncouth to be a true scientist. The Fateful Elasmosaurus Most historians trace the start of the Bone Wars to 1868, when Cope reconstructed a strange fossil sent to him from Kansas by a military doctor. Naming the specimen Elasmosaurus, he placed its skull on the end of its short tail, rather than its long neck (to be fair to Cope, to that date no had ever seen an aquatic reptile with such out-of-whack proportions). When he discovered this error, Marsh (as the legend goes) humiliated Cope by pointing it out in public, at which point Cope tried to buy (and destroy) every copy of the scientific journal in which he had published his incorrect reconstruction. This makes for a good storyand the fracas over Elasmosaurus certainly contributed to the enmity between the two menbut the Bone Wars likely started on a more serious note. Cope had discovered the fossil site in New Jersey that yielded the fossil of Hadrosaurus, named by the two mens mentor, the famous paleontologist Joseph Leidy. When he saw how many bones had yet to be recovered from the site, Marsh paid the excavators to send any interesting finds to him, rather than to Cope. Cope soon found out about this gross violation of scientific decorum, and the Bone Wars began in earnest. Into the West What kicked the Bone Wars into high gear was the discovery, in the 1870s, of numerous dinosaur fossils in the American west (some of these finds were made accidentally, during excavation work for the Transcontinental Railroad). In 1877, Marsh received a letter from Colorado schoolteacher Arthur Lakes, describing the saurian bones he had found during a hiking expedition; Lakes sent sample fossils to both Marsh and (because he didn’t know if Marsh was interested) Cope. Characteristically, Marsh paid Lakes $100 to keep his discovery a secretand when he discovered that Cope had been notified, dispatched an agent west to secure his claim. Around the same time, Cope was tipped off to another fossil site in Colorado, which Marsh tried (unsuccessfully) to horn in on. By this time, it was common knowledge that Marsh and Cope were competing for the best dinosaur fossilswhich explains the subsequent intrigues centered on Como Bluff, Wyoming. Using pseudonyms, two workers for the Union Pacific Railroad alerted Marsh to their fossil finds, hinting (but not stating explicitly) that they might strike a deal with Cope if Marsh didnt offer generous terms. True to form, Marsh dispatched another agent, who made the necessary financial arrangementsand soon the Yale-based paleontologist was receiving boxcars of fossils, including the first specimens of Diplodocus, Allosaurus and Stegosaurus. Word about this exclusive arrangement soon spreadnot least because the Union Pacific employees leaked the scoop to a local newspaper, exaggerating the prices Marsh had paid for the fossils in order to bait the trap for the wealthier Cope. Soon, Cope sent his own agent westward, and when these negotiations proved unsuccessful (possibly because he wasnt willing to pony up enough money), he instructed his prospector to engage in a bit of fossil-rustling and steal bones from the Como Bluff site, right under Marshs nose. Soon afterward, fed up with Marshs erratic payments, one of the railroad men began working for Cope instead, turning Como Bluff into the epicenter of the Bone Wars. By this time, both Marsh and Cope had relocated westward, and over the next few years engaged in such hijinks as deliberately destroying uncollected fossils and fossil sites (so as to keep them out of each others hands), spying on each others excavations, bribing employees, and even stealing bones outright. According to one account, workers on the rival digs once took time out from their labors to pelt each other with stones! Next Page: The Bone Wars Get Personal Cope and Marsh, Bitter Enemies to the Last By the 1880’s, it was clear that Othniel C. Marsh was winning the Bone Wars. Thanks to the support of his wealthy uncle, George Peabody (who lent his name to the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History), Marsh could hire more employees and open more dig sites, while Edward Drinker Cope slowly but surely fell behind. It didnt help matters that other parties, including a team from Harvard University, now joined the dinosaur gold rush. Cope continued to publish numerous papers, but, like a political candidate taking the low road, Marsh made hay out of every tiny mistake he could find. Cope soon had his opportunity for revenge. In 1884, Congress began an investigation into the U.S. Geological Survey, which Marsh had been appointed the head of a few years before. Cope recruited a number of Marshs employees to testify against their boss (who wasnt the easiest person in the world to work for), but Marsh connived to keep their grievances out of the newspapers. Cope then upped the ante: drawing on a journal he had kept for two decades, in which he meticulously listed Marshs numerous felonies, misdemeanors and scientific errors, he supplied the information to a journalist for the New York Herald, which ran a sensational series about the Bone Wars. Marsh issued a rebuttal in the same newspaper, hurling similar accusations against Cope. In the end, this public airing of dirty laundry (and dirty fossils) didnt benefit either party. Marsh was asked to resign his lucrative position at the Geological Survey, and Cope, after a brief interval of success (he was appointed head of the National Association for the Advancement of Science), was beset by poor health and had to sell off portions of his hard-won fossil collection. By the time Cope died in 1897, both men had squandered their considerable fortunes. Characteristically, though, Cope prolonged the Bone Wars even from his grave. One of his last requests was that scientists dissect his head after his death to determine the size of his brain, which he was certain would be bigger than Marshs. Wisely, perhaps, Marsh declined the challenge, and to this day, Copes unexamined head rests in storage at the University of Pennsylvania. The Bone Wars: Let History Judge As tawdry, undignified, and out-and-out ridiculous as the Bone Wars occasionally were, they had a profound effect on American paleontology. In the same way competition is good for commerce, it can also be good for science: so eager were Othniel C. Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope to one-up each other that they discovered many more dinosaurs than if theyd merely engaged in a friendly rivalry. The final tally was truly impressive: Marsh discovered 80 new dinosaur genera and species, while Cope named a more-than-respectable 56. The fossils discovered by Marsh and Cope also helped to feed the American publics increasing hunger for new dinosaurs. Each major discovery was accompanied by a wave of publicity, as magazines and newspapers illustrated the latest amazing findsand the reconstructed skeletons slowly but surely made their way to major museums, where they still reside to the present day. You might say that popular interest in dinosaurs really began with the Bone Wars, though its arguable that it would have come about naturally, without all the bad feelings! The Bone Wars had a couple of negative consequences, as well. First, paleontologists in Europe were horrified by the crude behavior of their American counterparts, which left a lingering, bitter distrust that took decades to dissipate. And second, Cope and Marsh described and reassembled their dinosaur finds so quickly that they were occasionally careless. For example, a hundred years of confusion about Apatosaurus and Brontosaurus can be traced directly back to Marsh, who put a skull on the wrong bodythe same way Cope did with Elasmosaurus, the incident that started the Bone Wars in the first place!

Europe as an Optimal Currency Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Europe as an Optimal Currency Area - Essay Example The debate about Europe as optimum currency area as an important and heated point of discussion for the economic experts and analysts and there have been different standpoints presented by the experts to regard and disregard Europe as optimum currency area. The main elements identified within the definition of optimum currency area could effectively work to decide if any region could be regarded as optimum currency area or not. Likewise, Europe could also be evaluated as an optimum currency area by looking at some specific criteria like asymmetric shocks, degree of openness, international factor mobility, labour mobility, fiscal transfer, product diversification and trade and business cycles similarities etc. (Krugman and Obsrfeld, p98) The economy and labour market of Europe has been analysed by the experts from these perspective very frequently and most of the analysis and observations have concluded with the results that Europe could not be regarded as an optimum currency area bec ause it does not completely complies with the criteria set for the OCA. However, it is also a fact that most of the economic experts and analysts believe that Europe has great potential to become an OCA and in coming few years the situation would be evolved where Europe will head to appear as an OCA (McKinnon, p173). The experts arguing against the status of Europe as OCA put forward the evidences in support of their stance. It is found that free mobility of labour within the regions of Europe is not high. The labour mobility in Europe has been recorded one third of the mobility found in United States. It implies that Europe lag behind in proving itself as area of free labour mobility. Similarly it is also found that Europe is yet to establish system for extensive and automotive intra-European fiscal transfers and currently there are not enough fiscal transfers between the European countries that it could be regarded as OCA. The existence of common currency is also an important char acteristic of optimum currency area. It is imperative that the OCA should have one central bank to manage all the monitory policies in the region and the member countries use to follow the same policy as formulated and implemented by the central bank of the region. There should be single currency with fixed exchange rate system. The launch of Euro is often cited as an evidence to prove Europe as OCA however, it is also a fact that despite the use of common currency the European countries yet to have common monitory policies and they need more time to create common fiscal and monitory policies like that of an OCA (Tavlas, p211). The degree of commodities' market integration within the union members also determines the optimum currency area. In Europe, there are some countries like Britain where there is higher level of reliance upon the export of high technology commodities whereas there is also large proportion of owner occupiers in the country links with the variable interest rates (Tavlas, p211). It implies that the market integration does not take place in similar production strategies among the members of the union but there are differences in the exports and import patterns of the countries. This trend also evident that Europe is